Images, audio and video materials found online present other challenges for creating citations. Often attributes such as authorship and title are not evident or are difficult to discern. Present as much information as possible from the location where you retrieved the media, so that a reader can locate the original content.
If only screen names or usernames are available, use those to identify the media creator.
If a variety of files are available for download on the page, also indicate specific file names or types used in your citation.
For MLA style citations, be sure to include the date of access and enclose URLs in angle brackets.
For APA style citations, date of access is not needed for any content that will not change.
4A: Citing Images
APA format:
=xAv=. (2006, Nov. 18). Teotehuacan pyramids [Image]. Photograph retrieved from
http://www.flickr.com/photos/xav/301683841/
MLA format:Rapid Weather Changes On Mars [JPEG; 85.2 kB]. 15 July 1997. HubbleSite. 26 July 2007 <http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1997/24/image/b/>.
4B: Citing Audio
APA format:
Dreyfus, H. (2006, Spring). Introduction: what is existentialism? [Audio file]. Phil 7, U.C. Berkeley. Podcast retrieved from iTunes University. Also available at: http://webcast.berkeley.edu/course_details.php?seriesid=1906978306
MLA format:
Kennedy, John F. "Ich bin ein Berliner Speech." Berlin, Germany. 26 June 1963. Internet Archive. Audio file retrieved on 27 July 2007 <http://www.archive.org/details/jfks19630626>.
4C: Citing Video
APA format:
AlJazeeraEnglish. (2007, July 27). Senegal's life or death migration gamble [Video file]. Video posted to
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2iL6tmO0WI
MLA format:
Carillo, Jose (Director). What To Do In A Zombie Attack. Lone Bannana Productions, 2006. Prelinger Archive Mashups, Internet Archive. Video retrieved on 27 July 2007 <http://www.archive.org/details/What_To_Do_In_A_Zombie_Attack>.
